Which bioethical principle focuses on minimizing harm to individuals?

• A. Autonomy
• B. Justice
• C. Nonmaleficence
• D. Beneficence

Answer: (C)

Nonmaleficence is the bioethical principle that centers on avoiding harm to patients. It embodies the informal motto “do no harm” and requires clinicians to minimize risks and prevent unnecessary injuries or burdens from care. In practice, this means carefully weighing potential harms against benefits before proceeding with any intervention, and taking steps to reduce risk—such as using the lowest effective dose, monitoring for adverse effects, and avoiding procedures that aren’t justified by a favorable risk-benefit balance. This principle is distinct from autonomy (respecting patients’ choices), justice (fairness in distribution of care), and beneficence (actively promoting the patient’s good).