In public health ethics, what does the principle of justice primarily require?

• A. Fair distribution of benefits and burdens
• B. Respect for autonomy
• C. Maximizing overall happiness
• D. Informed consent required for all actions

Answer: (C)

Justice in public health ethics means ensuring a fair distribution of benefits and burdens across people and groups, with special attention to those who are disadvantaged or at greater risk. It emphasizes equity in access to interventions, resources, and the impacts of health actions, aiming to reduce health disparities and treat similar cases similarly.

This is why a fair distribution of benefits and burdens best captures what justice requires. Respect for autonomy centers on individuals’ rights to make their own choices, which is a separate ethical principle. Maximizing overall happiness reflects a utilitarian aim, focusing on total welfare rather than fairness in distribution. Informed consent relates to respecting individuals’ decision-making, not the distributive fairness that justice targets in public health.